Chapter 22: Ideologies and Upheavals

Introduction: The dual revolution took place between 1815 and 1850, fusing economic and political changes. It posed a large intellectual change for Europeans as liberalism, socialism, and nationalism emerged.

Chapter Objective: In this chapter I hope to learn how socialism and nationalism affected the thought processes of Europeans. I also hope to learn about some important people during this time period.

Essential Question: Who was involved in the Quadruple Alliance and what was the Congress of Vienna?

         - Russia, Austria, Prussia and Great Britain were all a part of the Quadruple Alliance and the Congress of Vienna was a meeting of the Quadruple Alliance to restore France after the defeat of Napoleon.

Charles Fourier:

     - Charles Fourier was born in 1772. Fourier condemned existing social institutions and later in his studies developed the idea that the natural passions of man if properly channeled would result in social harmony. Fourier wrote "Theorie des quatre mouvements" in 1808 and created "Fourierism". Charles Fourier died in 1837.

Victor Hugo:

     - Victor Hugo was born in 1802 and studied law from 1815-1818, however his mother encouraged him to embark into literature. He founded the Conservateur Litteraire and in 1821 Hugo's mother died. Hugo married Adele Foucher and published his first book of poetry. In 1831 Hugo published Notre-Dame de Paris and later published Les Miserables. Hugo's Les Miserables is one of the best known works of 19th century literature. Hugo's writings towards the end of his life were dark and finally Victor Hugo died in 1885.


Eugene Delacroix:
     - Eugene Delacroix was born in 1798 and became pupil under the guidance of Pierre Narcisse Geurin. Delacroix began a career that would make him one of the greatest and most influential French painters. In 1822 and 1824 Delacroix submitted some of his works of art to famous Paris Salons. Delacroix continued to create masterpieces throughout his life and was even influenced by the French Revolution of 1830. Eugene Delacroix died in 1863.


Greek War for Independence (1821-1832):
     -The Greeks, after being ruled by the Ottoman Empire for so long (since 1453), decided to finally revolt and gain their independence. This war lasted 11 years and so many months. The Greeks after a while were aided by Russia, Great Britain and France. Finally in 1832, the Greeks won their independence and became free of the Ottoman Empire.
      - While the Greeks were beginning their fight for independence in Europe, in 1821 free Blacks were given the right to vote in New York in the US. These events can be connected across the continents because the Greeks were fighting for freedom and rights while free Blacks had finally gained some in New York.


Great Famine (1845-1852):
     -The Great Famine was a period of mass starvation in Ireland which led to many Irish immigrating to the US. The famine in Ireland led to much tension between Ireland and Great Britain. This led to the Irish fighting to gain independence in the next century. During the Famine approximately 1 million people died and 1 million more emigrated from Ireland.
     -The Great Famine in Ireland was happening at the same time that the Chinese were encouraged to immigrate to California in the US to work on the railroads. The Chinese immigration and the Irish emigration connect because both were being forced out of their homes while being moved to a new place.

 Picturing the Past:
     - This photo "Dance of the Majos at the Banks of Manzanares" painted by Francisco Goya represents the Romantic movement during the early and mid 1800's. Goya uses rich colors and includes a pretty natural background, making couples the focus of the painting. The Romantic movement was characterized by emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination, making art work an easy home for this movement to live in and be portrayed. 

 
Self Reflection: 
      -Personally, I enjoyed chapter 22. I really enjoyed learning about the Romantic movement and looking at all the literature and art work. I also really liked learning about all of the "isms" in this chapter and the people that went along with them. I wasn't really interested in the whole Metternich thing though and his conservatism and the Quadruple Alliance. I did however enjoy learning about the Great Famine in Ireland. That's always really interested me and I never really looked into the details before. Plus we learned about Victor Hugo in this chapter and I reall enjoy him because he wrote Les Miserables and I absolutely love that book and movie. Now if I could go see it on Broadway my life would be complete. 

Chapter 21: The Revolution in Energy and Industry

Introduction: The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around the 1780's and continued on until around 1850. It modified much of the human experience and transformed the social class structure and the way people though about class.

Chapter Objective: Throughout this chapter I hope to accomplish learning about some significant people to this time period as well as some interesting inventions.

Essential Question: Who invented the spinning jenny and the water frame and why were they important inventions?
         - The spinning jenny was created by James Hargreaves and the water frame was created by Richard Arkwright. They were important because they revolutionized how thread and wool were spun, making the whole process faster and more efficient.

Richard Arkwright: 
     - Richard Arkwright was born in 1732 to parents who were too poor to send him to school. Arkwright became a barber's apprentice as a young ambitious man, and in 1762 he started a wig-making business. While traveling across the country collecting discarded hair for his wigs, Arkwright met John Kay and Thomas Highs. Together the threesome produced the "spinning frame" which produced much stronger thread than James Hargreaves "spinning-jenny". As this invention was too large for human hands, a water wheel was employed in their place. This invention then became known as the "Water-Frame". Arkwright after a long and successful life, finally laid to rest in 1792.

Thomas Malthus:

     - Thomas Malthus, an economist best known for his theories on population growth, was born in 1766. Malthus attended Cambridge University and received a master's degree. In 1805 he became a professor at the East India Company's college and in 1824 he was elected into the Royal Society of Literature. Malthus was known for his work 'An Essay on the Principle of Population' which stated that population would always grow faster than food supply. Malthus's thought processes were highly opposed during his time period, but became more popular later on. Malthus died in 1834.

William Wordsworth:

     - William Wordsworth, a British poet who ushered in the Romantic Movement, was born in 1770. He grew up in the Lake District which gave him a love for nature and a vivid imagination. While growing up, Wordsworth travelled through revolutionary France, and on his second tour he had an affair with Annette Vallon. From this affair came an illegitimate child. In 1795 Wordsworth composed his masterpiece "Lyrical Ballads" and in 1805 he composed "The Prelude". William Wordsworth died in 1850.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin (1793):

     - In 1793, Eli Whitney, an American inventor, invented the Cotton Gin. Whitney's Cotton Gin revolutionized the US's cotton industry, creating a more efficient way to produce mass loads of cleaned cotton. This creation made it possible for American slaves to produce up to ten times more cotton per day which created a lot more profit for Southern states. Eli Whitney did not receive a great profit off of this invention because of patent issues. Whitney was credited as a "pioneer of American manufacturing".
     - While Whitney was creating the Cotton Gin in America, the Louvre was being opened in Paris. The Louvre may not be an invention, but it was just as significant as the invention that made cleaning cotton more efficient. As more slaves were being employed to work on cotton plantations, more artists could now show off their work in France.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804):
     -In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson sought out someone to traverse the unknown land in the West past the "great rock mountains". Meriwether Lewis and William Clark having been chosen, set out on their journey in 1804 from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. After what ended up being a 2 year journey, Lewis and Clark returned their findings to Jefferson in 1806. William Clark brought back detailed maps that he had drawn up that helped expeditions after theirs to further explore the Western Frontier. The Lewis and Clark Expedition turned out to be quite successful for President Jefferson.
     -While Lewis and Clark were out exploring the Americas, Richard Trevithick was busy at work in Southern Wales. In 1804 Trevithick built the first commercial steam locomotive, proving that steam engines with smooth wheels can haul substantial loads. These two can be connected across continents because Lewis and Clark were paving the way for new innovations in exploration in the West while Trevithick was paving the way for new innovations in locomotives.

Picturing the Past: 
    - Around 1815 and afterwards, women's dress became increasingly more complicated and layered as they became valued more for their ladylike gentility. Rather than work in factories, women were now being expected to stay home and manage the home and attend to the husband. Slowly, but surely society was moving into a "bread-winner homemaker" gender separation. This photo portrays the complexity of women's dress as well as the increasing cleanliness and etiquette expected of women during this period.

 Self Reflection:
      -This chapter wasn't my favorite as the Industrial Revolution did not seriously interest me, but seeing some of the inventions created during this time was neat and I liked how the women's role in society started to change. I did enjoy learning about the steam engines though because that was pretty interesting and I think trains are aesthetically pleasing to the eye. The factory system also didn't really interest me either, but I liked that children finally got employed less hours by law in the end of the chapter and women did not have to work in the mines anymore.